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For instance, Hunter Stuart and his wife decided to give up the three-bedroom Chicago apartment they’d been renting since 2017 and buy a place in the suburbs in June. A growing family—their second child is due to arrive in September— was only part of what motivated the Stuarts to become homeowners. “We got a pretty good price on the house, and the interest rate being low was definitely a motivating factor,” said Stuart, who took out a 30-year loan with a fixed rate of 3.25%.

Rates this low would have been unimaginable when the parents and grandparents of today’s first-time buyers were entering the housing market. “Depending how much history you’re using as your judge for mortgage rates can make a really big difference in whether you think a certain rate is high or low,” said Danielle Hale, Realtor.com’s chief economist.

Here’s a look back at rates through the decades.

The 1970s

Bottom rate: The average rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage was 7.31% in April 1971, when Freddie Mac started surveying lenders. This was close to the low for the decade.

Peak rate: The 70s ended at high of 12.9%

In the early 1970s, surging energy prices amid an oil crisis fueled a new era in American inflation and the economy plunged into a severe recession. Mortgage rates soared as a result. When Paul Volcker took over the Federal Reserve in 1979, consumer inflation was running at an annual pace of about 9%. He pledged to make fighting inflation his top priority, telling lawmakers the Fed would “have to call the shots as we see them.” Volcker raised the Fed’s benchmark interest rate from 11% to a record 20% by late 1980, contributing to higher mortgage rates. Those high interest rates made it so expensive for people and companies to borrow that the economy weakened steadily. Nevertheless, the decade ended with the homeownership rate at 65.4%, about one percentage point higher than at the start of 1970, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

The 1980s

Peak rate: 18.45% in October 1981

Bottom rate: 9.04% in March 1987, fluctuating between 9% and 11% for the rest of the decade

In late 1980 and early 1981, the Fed once again tightened the money supply, allowing the federal funds rate to approach 20%. Subsequently, long-run interest rates continued to rise. This resulted in mortgage rates reaching an all time-high of 18.45% by 1981. The economy officially entered another recession in the third quarter of 1981 as high interest rates put pressure on sectors of the economy reliant on borrowing, including manufacturing, construction and home buying. U.S. monetary policy eased in 1982, helping lead to a resumption of economic growth. By October 1982, inflation had fallen to 5% and long-term interest rates began to decline. The homeownership rate dropped from 65.5% in 1980 to 63.8% in 1989.

The 1990s

Peak rate: 10.48% in May 1990

Bottom rate: 6.71% in October 1998

The economy was in recession from July 1990 to March 1991, having suffered the savings and loan crisis in 1989 and a spike in gas prices as the result of the Gulf War. After that, the 1990s were characterized by strong economic growth, steady job creation, low inflation, rising productivity, economic boom and a surging stock market. The commercialization of the internet led to the greatest expansion of capital the country had ever witnessed. Mortgage rates, explains Hale, “stabilized around 10%, and then essentially started this long-term declining trend that we’ve seen from 1990 until now, with ups and downs for things that are going on in the economy such as expectations about future growth and the way the Fed is setting overall interest rates.” After sliding in the 1980s, the rate of homeownership increased to 66.9% in 1999 from 64% in 1990.

The 2000s

Peak rate: 8.52% in May 2000

Bottom rate: 4.81% in April 2009

After years of considerable growth, the housing market fell into a deep decline beginning in 2006. A combination of favorable interest rates and relaxed standards for mortgage loans resulted in peak home prices. Home loans were accessible to borrowers who had low credit scores and a higher risk of defaulting on loans. These so-called subprime borrowers were allowed to take out adjustable-rate mortgages, which would start out with low monthly payments that would become much larger after a few years. When house prices peaked, mortgage refinancing and selling homes became a less viable means of settling mortgage debt. Mortgage loss rates began rising for lenders and investors. By the fall of 2008, borrowers were defaulting on subprime mortgages in high numbers, causing turmoil in the financial markets, the collapse of stock prices and the Great Recession. The homeownership rate declined to 67.2% in 2009 from 67.5% in 2000.

The 2010s

Peak rate: The decade started at a high of 5.03%, rates approached that level in 2018 but stopped climbing at 4.87% that November

Bottom rate: 3.35% in November 2012

As the decade began, the market was battling to regain its footing in the wake of one of the largest housing downturns in U.S. history. Foreclosure filings were at a peak of 2.9 million. In an effort to rebuild trust in the financial system, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was passed in 2010 to protect consumers from the unfair and deceptive practices and products that led to the 2008 crisis.

In the vast majority of the country, home value appreciation accounted for most of the growth in the total value of the housing stock. The housing market added $11.3 trillion in value, a little more than a 50% increase in the 2010s. About 14% of that gain was from new housing stock, with the remainder from increased values of the existing stock. The homeownership rate decreased to 65.1% in 2019 from 66.5% in 2010.